Reversible Figures

Reversible figures- This is an illusion in which the image can be inverted and have two distinct interpretations.

Phi Phenomenon

Phi Phenomenon- It is an optical illusion that causes the observer to see continuous motion when shown a series of still images.

Perception of Movement

Perception of Movement- This is how the speed and direction of an object is interpreted. It uses  visual, vestibular and proprioceptive inputs.

stroboscopic motion- the impression that one object is in motion because it is next to

another moving object

Rules of Perceptual Organization

Closure- Objects grouped together are seen as a whole.

The triangles grouped together in this picture are seen as a whole closure.

http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/gestaltlaws.htm

Continuity- Lines are seen as following the smoothest path.

The dots seem to folllow the nlight blue path due to it's smoothness, and continuity.

http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/gestaltlaws.htm

Similarity- Items that are similar seem to be grouped together.

The circles and dots are grouped seperatly due to their alikeness, and similarity.

http://psychology.about.com/od/sensationandperception/ss/gestaltlaws.htm

Proximity-Nearness In space, time or relationship

These sprees are in various PROXIMITIES to each other 

Figure-Ground perception- generally knows as seeing a picture in the negative space of a picture. 

(The most famous example is this:

http://psychology.about.com/od/findex/g/figure-ground-perception.htm

If you looks at the white part of the image, you see a vase, if you look at the black areas, you see two faces looking at eachother. 

Visual illusions

Visual illusions-  characterized by visually perceived images that differ from objective reality. 

 There are many types of visual illusions, 3 of them being:

• The Stepping feet
illusion (http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot-feetLin/index.html)

•the triangle puzzle (http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/ang-trianglePuzzle/index.html)

•the Moon illusion (http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/sze_moon/index.html)

These illusions each mess with perception in a different way. 

Perceptual Constancies

Size Constancy- Within a specific range a persons perception will not change, even if the distance or size of an object changes.

Brightness Constancy- An item is perceived as having a consistent light, but in reality the illumination or light varies; this all depends on the amount of light an object reflects onto surrounding objects.

                                                                                     

http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~plab/earlygroup/shape.htm

Shape constancy- perceiving a shape as the same shape, no matter if it's been distorted or the perpective has been changed.

Binocular Cues

Retinal Disparity- Binocular cue for depth perception; the brain compares images from both eyeballs to determine distance. If the difference between the two eyes is greater, the object is closer.

                                                      
 Convergence- Binocular cue for depth perception; how eyes come together inward when looking at an object. The greater the strain, the closer the object is.

Monocular Cues

Relative Size- When objects are at different distances, the surroundings are used to judge the size of the object. This can cause the object further away to seem either larger or smaller than it really is.

Relative motion- An object seems to move backwards faster the closer they are to the observer.

Relative height- Objects that are higher in our field of vision seem to be further away.

Relative clarity- Sharp objects seem closer to the observer while blurry objects are further away.

Interposition- If the view of one object is disrupted by another, the object that is blocking another is reprieved as closer to us.

                                                       
Texture Gradient- A slight, slow change from a coarse to a fine texture causes objects that are far apart to appear smaller and more tightly packed.